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2012-11-22

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һ��ũҵ��Ҫ��ǲɹ�/��׷��ֲ��󻯣��ũҵ��Ӧ��ķ�Χ��ɹ�/��˻��ȷ��ң��ɹ�/��ǵ��׶ε��(�繩Ӧ�̵��̡��̵��̡��̵��̡��̵��ߵ��Զ��Ĳɹ�/��)��Ұ��Ӧ��ڳ�Ա��ԭ��ϻ�ȡ��տͻ��Ʒ��̵Ĳɹ�/����Ӧ��У��Ӧ�̡��̡��̡��˾�ȹ�ͬ��һ��磬��֮��γ��ܲ��ɷֵĹ�ϵ��Щ��ڵ��Ч�ʺ�ƥ��̶��ũҵ��Ӧ��Ż��ĺ��ģ��ũҵ��Ӧ��Ż��Ҫͨ��ũҵ��罨��ʵ�֣��ũҵ��罨��Ӧ��ũҵ��Ӧ��Ż��ȫ�桢�ۺϵĿ��ǡ�^[1](P198)��ũҵ��÷�չ��ת�Ƶ�ũҵ��Ӧ��Ӧ��ϼ�ǿϵͳ��貢��ø��µĹ��ʽ����Ч��ͳɱ��ũҵ��Ӧ��ϵ��

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��һ��ԡ��Ϊ��Ӧ��ڵ��ҵ��ɵĿ��(��)��ͬ��Ӧ��ɶ��ҵ��ɣ��Թ�Ӧ��ṹģʽ��һ�㵥��ҵ�Ľṹ��Ϊ��ӡ��ž��ȫ�򻯵�Ѹ��ƽ��ũ��Ʒ��ũҵ��ҲƵ��ؿ�ʼ��ȫ��Χ��ͨ��ó�ף�ʹ�õ��ũҵ��Ӧ��Ľṹ��Ӹ��ӡ�

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��ģ��ԡ��ڵ��ҵ��Ӧ��ĳ�Ա��ͬʱ��һ��Ӧ��ĳ�Ա��ڶ�Ĺ�Ӧ��γɽ��ṹ��磬һ��ȿ��Բɹ��ϳ��ϣ��Ϊ��ϳ��Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㣬Ҳ�ɲɹ��Ǽ��ϳ��ϣ��Ϊ�Ǽ��ϳ��Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㣻�ȿ��Ҹ�㳧�ҹ�Ӧ��Ϊ�乩Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㣬Ҳ��ǼҸ�㳧�ҹ�Ӧ��Ϊ�乩Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㣻ͬʱ��ȿ��Ʒ�ӹ��Ӧ���⣬��Ϊ�乩Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㣬Ҳ��ǼҼ��Ʒ�ӹ��Ӧ���⣬��Ϊ�乩Ӧ��ϵ�һ��ڵ㡣��Ӧ��ĸ��Գ�Ϊ��Э��Ѷȡ��У��Ӧ��ߵ͵ĸ��ܷ��ЧЭ��ϡ�Э��ϵ�˳��Ч��Ӧ��Ч�ʵĻ��Ҳ�ǹ�Ӧ��֮��ڣ�Ҳ�ǹ�Ӧ��ص��ŵ㡣û��Э��ϣ�һ��ɢɳ��Ϊ��̨��Ӧ��ͻ�ʧȥ��^[1](P202)

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Ŀǰ��̼��á��ɫʳƷ��ǹ�ע��ȵ��⣬��ʳƷ��ȫ��ҲԽ��Խ��ע�ˣ��ˣ��ũ��Ʒ�Ĺ�Ӧ��Ҳ��һ��Ҫ�󡣹��ѧ�߶��ձ��ϵ�ũҵ��Ӧ��о��Ҫ��ũ��Ʒ�г��ũ��Ʒ��ȫ��ũ��Ʒ��׷��ԡ��ȷ��档Van Weele�ȸ��г��ũ��Ʒ��Ϣ��ȷ��ʳƷ��Ӧ��Ϣ��ٵĿ�ȡ��Ⱥ;��ȣ��ҵ��ʳƷ��Ӧ��Ϣ��ٵĿ�ȡ��Ⱥ;��ȣ�Ҳ��ӳ��Ի��ڰ�ȫ��ũҵ��Ӧ��ĳɱ��һ��ۺ�ȡ��Victoria Salin�ȶ��Ϣ��ũʳƷ��Ӧ��е��ý��о��ҹ��ũҵ��о��ʵ��ڳ��׶Σ��о��Բ�ǿ��ʵЧ�Բ��ģʽҲ�д��ƺ��ߡ��Т��ܵ��ڻع˷��ν��ʳƷ��ȫ��Ļ��ϣ��˹�Ӧ��ʵʩ��׷�٣��ũ��Ʒ�г��Ϣ��Գƣ��ʳƷ��ȫ��⣻��ҹ�ũ��Ʒʵʩ��Ϣ��׷�ٵ��״��г��ʵʩ��׷��㡣��ҹ��ũҵ��ϵ��ƣ��ִ��Ϣƽ̨��ܽ��趨��һ��о��˴�ũҵ��Ĳ�ҵ��ṹ��ӹ��о��ũҵ��Ӧ��⣺

һ��ҹ�ũҵ��Ӧ��ڵ�ֲ��Ĳ��⣬��Ѷȴ��һ�㼯��򣬶��г��鲼ȫ��ȫ��ֹ�Ӧ��ڵ�ֲ��ʹ��ũ��Ʒ��ͳɱ��Զ��ܵ�Ӱ�졣ũҵ��Ӧ��ϸ��塢��ҵ��ڼ��ҵ��̺ͱ�׼�Ĺ淶�Բ��ɹ�Ӧ��Ч�ʲ��ߣ��ȫ��֤��ƺͿɿ��Ӧ��ҵ�ɱ��Բ�ǿ��

��ҹ�ũ��Ʒ��أ��ˮƽ��Լ��ظ��أ��ݴ��ݱ��ٶ��׼ȷ��Ӱ��Ӧ��ϸ��ȷ��ߺ��Ч��ũ��Ʒ��δ�γɣ�ũ��Ʒ��ɱ��ߣ�ũ��Ʒ��רҵ��ữ�̶Ƚϵ͡��ͶԹ�Ӧ��˸��ߵ�Ҫ�󣬴��۵�ʵ��Ҫ��о��ͽ��Ŀǰ��ũҵ��о��ʵ��ڳ��׶Σ��о��Բ�ǿ��ʵЧ�Բ��ģʽҲ�д��ƺ��ߡ�

��Ŀǰ��ũҵ��Ӧ��ĺܶ��ͷ��ҵ(��ߺ��ҵ)��ǿ��޷��Ԧ��Ӧ��ر��ũ��ڸ��޷��ء��Ӧ��Ϻܶ��Ϊ��棬��׷��󻯣��ӹ�Ӧ��Ա�ļ�ֵ����ղ��ܴﵽ��󻯡�ũ��Թ�Ӧ��ҵ��ֵ��ʶ��㣬�ִ��ڼ�ֵ��ĵ׶ˣ��ױ��ϵͣ��Բ��ߣ��ũ��Ʒ��Ӱ��Զ��

��ȱ��ũ��ƷƷ�ƴٽ��ֵ��ֵ��ƣ��ҹ��߶Ը��ֲ�Ʒ��ľ��Խϸߣ��ģ��ҳϵ�Ʒ��ũ��Ʒ��١�^[3](P84)

��Ӧ��ı��Ŀ�ľ��Ҫ��Ӧ��ļ�ֵ��Ҫ��ϵ��ҵ�γ�һ��湲ͬ�壬�˴��Է��롣ũҵ��Ӧ��ǽ�ũҵ��Ϲ�Ӧ��滮��ӹ��ˡ��Ӫ��Ȼ��һ��л��ͻ��Ҫ��ǰ��£��Ӧ��ϵ�(��Ӧ�̡��̡��̡��)�ĸ��ۺϹ��ʹ��ֳɱ��ͣ��Ӷ��ũ��Ʒ��ֵ��ֵ�Ļ��̡�ũҵ��Ӧ��廯��Ч��ũ��Ʒ��ֵ��д��ڵ��⣬��Ӧ��Ч��Ҫ��ڽ��ũ��ƷӦ��ս�Ժ��ϵ��Ϣ��湲��Ч��μ�ֵ�ȡ�^[4]

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һ��ũҵ�г��ı仯��ũҵ�г��ǹ̶��ģ��ǲ��ϱ仯�ġ�ũҵ�г��ı仯�ڱ仯��ƽ�ȵĹŴ��Ҳ��⣬�ڱ仯Ѹ�ټ��ҵĵ��ᣬ�͸��ӳ��ũҵ��ҵ��Ե��г�ͻȻ��߼�Сʱ��Ҫ��Ŀǰ��Ƿ��ܹ��Ӧ��ֱ仯��Ƿ��Ҫ��Ա��ⲻ��Ҫʱ�ĳ��ת��ʱ��ĳ��֡�

��¿ͻ��ĳ��ֺ;ɿͻ��ʧ��Ҿ��ũҵ�г��¿ͻ��ĳ��ֺ;ɿͻ��ʧ�Ʋ��⡣��ũҵ��ҵͻȻ��һ��δ��ϸ��г��Ŀͻ��ʧȥһ��ĳ��һ��ͻ��ʱ��Ӧ��Ƿ�Ҫ�ع��Ӧ��磬��Ӧ��ֱ仯��ı仯��Ҫ�ƶ��ĵĿ��ս�ԣ��Ӷ��Խϵ͵Ŀ��óɱ��ȡ�ϸߵ�Ӫҵ��󡣸��Ӵ�Ĺ�ģ��渴�ӵĲ��ʹ��ũҵ��Ӧ��Ż��Ŀ�꣬�ӵ��ĳɱ��Ϊ��Ч�ɱ��Ŀ��ơ�

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��µķ��ˮƽ�ı仯��κ�ũҵ��ҵ�ķ��ˮƽ��ڷ��߻򽵵͵ı仯��ڽ��⣬��ȴ��ĳЩ��Ʒ�ķ��ˮƽ��ǵõ��߻��ͣ��ⱳ��ζ��Ҫũҵ��ҵ�ı��乩Ӧ��ṹ��ȷ��ܹ�ʵ��Щ�仯��ұ��ֳɱ��ˮƽ��

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��ҵ��ľ��ߡ�ũҵ��ҵ��ǽ��ʱ��ѡ��ʲô��ȷ��ѡ��Ƿ�Ҫ��Ѿ��ҵ��û��Щ��߱��߼��Ȼ��Ҫ��й�Ӧ��ṹ��Ż��^[5](P138)

��ũҵ��ҵ��ԣ��Ż��ع�ũҵ��Ӧ��ᱻһֱ��ڹ�˾��ȿ��ǵ�λ��ϣ����κ��ҵ��˵��һ��ܴ��ս��ǽ��һ��Ч�Ĳִ��Ч��Ч�Ŀ��(ͨ��Ԥ��)��Ч�Ŀͻ��Ч��Ϣ��ȹ�ͬ��ɵ�ũҵ��硣

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1��ս�Բ��Ż��롣ս�Բ��ļƻ��ũҵ��ҵĳ��ս��Ŀ��ĸı��ġ��Ϊս�Բ��ƻ��Ŀ�꣬��Ч�Ĳִ��䡢��ơ��ͻ��Ϣ��õ�Ͷ�ʻر��Ϊ��ʹ��Щ��Ч��Ҫ��Ϣ��Լ��صķ��ͳһ��ͬһ��棬��Щ��Ϣ��漰�ִ��ɱ��ɱ��ɱ��Ա�ɱ��ͬʱҲ��һЩӰ��ս��ƶ��أ��ͻ�Ⱥ�ĵ��ֲ��Լ��۶��[�ĵĻ��״��Ϣ��ϵͳ�Ĺ��ȵȡ�

2��Բ��Ż��롣��Բ��ļƻ��Ҫ��ǽ�ս�Բ��ľ��ת��ɿ�ִ�еļƻ��ͨ��ѡַ��ֳ��졢��̸�С��豸��á��Ĺ滮��ơ��ʽ��Ʒ��ʿ��졢��ԡ�Ա��Ƹ��ѵ�Լ��ĵ��õȲ��衣��֮�󣬳ɱ��Ŀ��ơ��ʵ��Լ�ITϵͳ��ʵʩ��Ϊ��ע��ص㡣

3��Ż��롣��ļƻ��ڿ��Ը��ݾ��Ĳ�ͬ��Ϊÿ�ռƻ��ÿ�ܼƻ��Լ�ÿ�¼ƻ��Щ�ƻ��ǰ��ҵ��õع��ʹ�ø��Դ��豸��ȵȣ�ͬʱ��ǵ�Ч�ʲ�Ϊ��ܷ��״��׼��

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[1].��.ǳ̸��ҵ��Ӧ��Ż�[J].�Ƽ��鱨��뾭�ã�2006(5)��202-203.

[2]��.��罨��ʵ�ֹ�Ӧ��Ż�[J].��Ӧ�ã�2008(7)��83-85.

[3]��.��Ż��[J].��Ƽ��2011(1)��136-138.

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