��̼��˰��ҹ��ó��ڵ��Ĵ�Ӱ��

2011-6-13

��һ��̼��˰��

��̼��˰��Ҳ�Ʊ߾��˰(BTAs)��Ƕ��ڹ��û��̼˰��Դ˰��ʵ��Դ��ҵĳ��Ʒ��ر�Ķ��̼�ŷŹ�˰��Ҫ�Ƿ��ҶԴӷ�չ�й��ҽ��ڵ��ŷ��ܼ��Ͳ�Ʒ��ˮ��һЩ��Ʒ��յ�һ�ֽ��ڹ�˰��Ŀǰ��̼��˰��֮�У��2020�꿪ʼ�Դӷ�չ�й��ҽ��ڵ��Ʒ��̼��˰��2010��ʼ�Ի��ŷ��ϸ�ķ�չ�й��ҵĽ��Ʒ��̼��˰��ȻĿǰ��һ�û��̼��˰��WTOһ��(GATT)�ĵ�20��WTO��Ա��ĳЩ��²�ȡ��ڻ��ɵ�ó��ơ��Ĺ涨��ŷ�˺��ȷ��̼��˰�ṩ�˿��ܡ��ˣ�̼��˰��ȷ�ǽ��н��

��̼��˰��벻��ֹ۵Ĺ��仯��Ƽ��䱳��µĵ�̼��ģʽ��ȷ��ܲ��ɷ֡�OECDһ��о��ָ��಻��ȡ�κ��ж��2050��ȫ��(GHG��global greenhouse gas)�ŷ��70%��2100��½��4~6�档2003�꣬Ӣ��ġ��Դ��δ��һ��̼��塷��Ƥ��״��ȷ��̼��á����󣬵�̼��÷�չģʽ��𲽽��о��Ұ��ر��Σ��һЩ��ˡ��ɫ��ʩ��̼��÷�չģʽ��о��ʼ��¡��˵��̼��ӹ�ҵ��̬��ת��һ��µľ��ģʽ��ʽ��
��̼��˰��Σ��ʱ��ó�ױ��̧ͷϢϢ��ء��ڵ�ǰ��Σ��ನδ�ˡ��Ĺ��ʻ��£��ַ��ҳ��ڽ��ͽ��ڶԱ��ɵĳ��ӱ��Ӹ߲��µ�ʧҵ��Լ��̼й©�ĵ��ǣ��⿪��̼��˰��ڷ��뷢չ�й��÷�չ�׶δ��ڽϴ��̼��˰��ǽ��й�ҵƷ��̼��˰��Է�չ�й��ó��ڵ�Ӱ�콫Ҫ��ر��ϴ�ʩ��ó�׾ȼô�ʩ��Ϊ��ء�

��δ��10��ڣ��ͨ��Э��ȷ��̼��˰��յĶ��󡢷�Χ�ͱ�׼��У��ȡ�Ա��Ĺ涨��Ϊ��ͬ�Ĺ涨��ĸ��Ӧ��̼��˰��кܴ�ͬ��ɼ��2011~2020��ʮ��Ƿǳ��ؼ��ʮ�꣬��緶Χ��̼��˰��¹��Ҳ�ؽ��ó�׺;��ø�֣��̼��ģʽ��µ��ʵ��֡��ˣ��о�̼��˰��ҹ��ó��ڴ��ʲôӰ��м��Ҫ��塣

����̼��˰��ҹ�δ��ó��ڵ�Ӱ��

��Ŀǰ��ҹ�û�п��̼˰��Դ˰��Һܶ��ҵ��Ʒ��̼��̼�ŷž��ֹۡ��Щ��Ʒ��ڵ��ң��ؽ��Ϊ��⿪��̼��˰��ն��󣬶��ҹ��ó��ڽ��ĸ��ҪӰ�졣

��(һ) ��ҹ��̼��ҵ��Ʒ��ڵĳɱ�

��ҹ��ڲ�Ʒ��̼��˰��ֱ�ӵ�Ӱ�죬�ǽ��ҹ��̼��ҵ��Ʒ��ڵĳɱ��͹��г��۸��ҹ��Ʒ�Ĺ��ʾ��ʹ�ҹ��Ʒ��ڱȽ��Ƶĵ�λ��й��Ժ��һ��о��ʾ��10��Ԫ/�ֵ�̼��˰��2002��ҹ��ĵ��ɫ��ʯ��ġ��Ṥ�ͷ�֯�Ȱ˴��̼��ҵ��̼˰��108.5��Ԫ��ռ��ó�׶��1.28%��

��һ��о��ɹ��ʾ��ҹ��ɫ��ұ��ѹ�Ӽӹ�ҵ��ǽ��Ʒҵ��ֽ��ֽ��Ʒҵ��ɫ��ұ��ѹ�Ӽӹ�ҵ��Ĵ��Դ�ܼ��Ͳ�Ʒ��սϸ�ˮƽ̼��˰��281.9~369.0ŷԪ/ǧ��ȼ��˰��241.8~300.6ŷԪ/ǧ��׵��Ȼ��˰��ҹ��ǽ��Ʒҵ��̼˰�ܶ��߿ɴ��ܶ��32.8%��ҵ�ܵ�̼˰�ɱ�ռ��ܵ��Ӫҵ��ɱ��13.4%��ҹ��ҵ��ͼ��е�ˮƽ̼��˰��¹��61.4ŷԪ/ǧ��ȼ��˰��59.6ŷԪ/ǧ��׵��Ȼ��˰��̼˰�ܶ�ռ��ܶ�ı��߿ɴ�10%��ڽϵ�̼��˰ˮƽ��Ӣ��ڵ�̼˰��Դ˰��գ�̼��˰��ܴﵽ��ܶ�ı��Ϊ3%~7%��2008��Ϊ��ҹ��4��ҵ�ĳɱ��ʽ��ֱ�Ϊ3.61%��7.95%��6.17%��4.34%��ζ�ţ��ҹ��и�̼��ҵ�޷��еȺͽϸ�ˮƽ̼��˰֮�ء�

��(��) ��ҹ��ҵ��ڶͬ�̶ȵ��½�

��̼��˰һ��¹�ȫ��Ĺ��仯��ߺ��ԣ��Ϊһ��ǿ��ó�ױ��ݣ��ҹ��ҵ��ڶ��½��

��֪��й��Ϊ��ҵ��нӵ��Ҫ�Ƿ��ҵĸ��ܺġ��Ч�ʡ��ŷŵ��ػ��ҵ�͵Ͷ��ҵ��ң��ҹ��ҵĿǰ��û��շ��ÿһ��̼�㼣�ļ��Ŀǰ��Ӣ��г��Ѿ��ʼ�ڷ�װ��ʹ�á�̼��ǩ��ȫ��ҵ��ͷ�ֶ��2010��Ŀɳ��չ��ٴ�ǿ��2012�꣬�ֶ��꽫ʵ��95%��Ʒ��Ӧ�̱��뻷��µĶ�ѡһ��֡��̼��˰һ��ѡ��Ʒʱ��Ҫ��ǵ��ǹ��ж��Ⱦ��ŷŵĿ��һЩ��Ϳ��˾Ϊ�˱��Ҳ��ᱻ��ȡ��й��˾�Ķ��ر��ǵ��Щ��Ʒ��Ŀ��ЧӦ�Ĵ��Ŀʱ��̼��˰��ǵ��ҹ��̼��Ʒ��;��ҹ��ҵ��ͳ��ڵĸ��̼�ŷŵ��Ʒ��٣��ó�׹�ģ��ή��

��һ��о��ʾ��Է��뷢չ�й��ͬʱ��ţ��ҵ�2020��2005��׼��30%��չ�й��ˮƽ��ϼ��30%Ϊǰ�ᣬ��ˮƽ��Ƚ϶��ԣ�2020��ŷ�Ȩ�ɽ��ͨ��ת��֧��ŷŽ��׵��ŵĳɱ�(TERWMT)��£��Ž��ʹ�ҹ��ҵ��½��ȸߴ�11.7%��Զ��繤ҵ��ڵ�ƽ��1.9%��ŷ�˵Ĺ�ҵ��ȴ�ֱ��5.0%��6.5%��һ��о��ɹ��ʾ��ʹ��й��ҵƷ��ڵ��̼�ŷ��Ϊ��30��Ԫ/�ֺ�60��Ԫ/�ֵ�̼��˰��Ҳ��ʹ�ҹ��ҵƷ��ֱ��3.53%��6.95%��

��(��)��ı��ҹ��Ʒ��ó�׷�ʽ�ṹ

��̼��˰��ҹ��ڽṹ��Ӱ�죬��Ҫ��ڽ��ı��ҹ��Ʒ�ṹ��ó�׷�ʽ��档

��һ��棬̼��˰��ߺ��ܲ�Ʒ��ڱ��½��Ŀǰ��ҹ��֡��硢ˮ�ࡢ��ʯ��ͼ�ȸߺ��ܲ�Ʒ��ܺķֱ��ƽ��ˮƽ��1.15��1.17��1.53��1.47��1.45��1.34��֯ӡȾ��ҵ��λ�ܺ��Ƿ��ҵ�3~5��21��ҹ��ڵ��Դ�ܼ��Ͳ�Ʒ��Ѹ�٣��2004��2008��䣬�й��Ʒ�ͷ�֯Ʒ��ռ��ķݶ�ͷֱ��5.12%��2.68%��16.98%��12.09%��4.65%��26.08%��ҵ��ͨ��̼��˰��п��ܴ�ʹ�ҹ��Թ��ҵ��Դ��̼˰��ı��ҹ��ҵͶ��Ҫ��ϣ��ҹ��ͳ��ڲ�Ʒ��Ͷ��ɱ��Ƚ��Ϊ�̣��ʹ�ҹ��ߺ��ҵ��Ʒ��ڱ��½��һ��о��ɹ��ʾ��й��ҵƷ��ڵ��̼�ŷ��Ϊ��30��Ԫ/�ֵ�̼��˰��Դ�ܼ��ҵΪ��ʯ�ͼӹ��ҵ�ĳ��ڽ��12.39%��

��һ��棬̼��˰Ҳ��ӹ�ó�׳��ڱ��½��Ŀǰ�ҹ��ӹ�ó�׳��ռ��2007��ﵽ50.71%��2008��Ϊ47.19%��ҵ�Ӽӹ�ó��л�õ��ȴԶ��з��۵Ȼ��ڡ��硰�й�Ϊƻ��˾��װ��ipodÿ��һ��Ϊ150��Ԫ��й��ҵ��װÿһ��ֵ4��Ԫ��146��Ԫ��ƺ�Ӫ��ã��ٰ�ÿ��150��Ԫ�ĳ��ڶ��̼��˰��й��װ��ҵֻ�й��š��̼��˰��ʹ�й��ս�Ժ��ҵʵ��ٽ��ڲ�Ʒ��׬ȡ�ϸߵ��󣬲Ż��ٸı��״��Ԥ�ƣ��2015��ң��ӹ�ó�׳��ռ�ҹ�ȫ��ڵı��ؽ��½��40%��¡�

��(��)��һ��̶��϶񻯳��ڻ��

��ͨ��ġ��Դ�밲ȫ��ŷ��Ĵ�2012�꿪ʼ��ŷ�˻��𽵵ķɻ��Ҫ��ŷŷѣ�̼��˰��ձ�׼�Ͷ�ȶ�û��һ��ͳһ�ı�׼��Ժܴ��ܿ��Ϊ��ص�ó�ױ��ó��Ħ��Σ��̼��˰ʵ��ó�ױ��ʽ��2009��ҹ��ʼ��Ǳ�ó�׾ȼõ��ͷ��Ŀ�꣬��ֻ��Ը��ҵ��ҵ��Ʒ��գ��5��ʱ��ơ��̼��˰��г��ڲ�Ʒ��գ��ҳ��գ��ҹ��Ӱ��Ҫ��ر��ϴ�ʩ��Ϊ��ɽ��ҹ��Ʒ�ĳ��ڻ�� Ӧ��̼��˰��ĶԲ߽��

��ڵ�ǰ��Σ��ನδ�ˡ��Ĺ��ʻ��£��ҹ��Ϊ��ڴ��ݼ��׼��ƺͱ��ˣ��ҹ�Ӧ��¼��Ӧ��̼��˰��

��(һ)��WTO��з��ɻ��

��WTO�ġ��ԭ��ҹ�ӦҪ��ڹ��Ʒ�е��ڲ�Ʒ��ͬ��̼��Σ��ݹ��ԭ��Ҫ��й��ҳ��ڲ�Ʒ��ͬ��̼��˰��ԭ��ͱ�׼��ȡWTO��ϵ��Է�չ�й��ҵġ��⼰�Żݴ��һ��޵Ĺ��ڣ�Ϊ�ҹ�ʵ�ֲ�ҵ��ҵ��ִ��ȡʱ��͸��ķ�չ�ռ䡣

��(��)��仯��̼��˰��չ��ƶ�

��ڲ�̼ͬ��˰��ձ�׼��̼�ŷŽ��׹��ȷ��ҹ�Ӧ��̼��˰��ͬ��ҹ��ó��ڵĽ��Ҳ��ͬ��ڹ��仯��ƶ��У��ҹ�Ҫǿ��Ϊ��չ�й��Ӧ�е��ͬ��Ρ��ȡȷ��ҹ��̼�ŷŶ�ȡ��Ŷ�ȡ�̼�ŷŽ��׹��̼��˰��ձ�׼��أ��ȡ��ҹ��ó��Ӱ��С�İ��ձ��̼��Ϊ��׼��н��Ʒ�۳��Ʒ��̼��˰(BTADE)��ȡ��ҹ��ó��Ӱ��С�ġ��ŷ�Ȩ��ɽ��(NTER)��

��(��)��չ��Դ��ҵ

��ҹ��Դ��ҵ�Ĳ��Ҫ��̫��ܡ��硢��Դ��Ҫ��˰��Żݡ��Ŵ��Żݡ��۸��Żݺ��з��Żݵȡ��󣬻�Ӧ��Դ��Ƴ��ϵͳ��Ƶġ��Υ��뷴��Э��Ĳ��ߣ��Ӧ��ҹ��Դ��301��302��飬��ȡռ��Դ��ҵ�Ĺ��ʾ��Ƹߵ㣬Ϊ�ҹ��ķ�չ��

��(��)��ʵ��ҵ��̼��

��ҵ�Ե㣬װ��Ч�ļ��豸��ֽ��е�̼�ŷţ��ҵ��ÿһ��̵��Դ��Ĺ��ʹ��ҵ��ж��Ⱦ��ŷſ��ں��ķ�Χ��ܹ��˾��Ⱦ��ŷŵ��ش�ʩ��Ч��ʵ�֡��̼��Գɹ�Ƕ��Ϳ��˾��Ӧ��Ҽ��ҵ�ṩ��ݡ�ͬʱ��ҵҪ��ˮƽ��ռ��Ʒ��ơ�ԭ�ϲɹ��Ȼ��ڵĿ��Ȩ��Ż��Ʒ�з��Ƽ��ߣ��Բ��ҵ��Ч�ʣ��̼��˰��ɵĳɱ��Լ��

��ο��ף�
��[1] Mattoo�� A. et al�� Reconciling Climate Change and Trade Policy. Policy Research Working Paper�� No.5123.The World Bank Development Research Group�� Trade and Integration Team�� Nov. 2009.P42-43.
��[2] Mattoo�� A. et al�� "Can Global De-Carbonization Inhabit Developing Country Industrialization?" Policy Research Working Paper�� No.5121. The World Bank Development Research Group�� Trade and Integration Team�� Nov. 2009.p26.
��[3] ��ͦ��.̼��˰��й��ҵƷ��ڵ�Ӱ�졪��ڿɼ��һ��ģ�͵��.[J]��ó��ã�2010��1��.
��[4] ��ͦ. ̼��˰��˼��й��ҵ��Ӱ��[J].�й��ҵ��ã�2010(1)��65-74.
��[5] ��ά��. ̼��˰��ۻ��뾭��Ӱ��̽[J].��ѧ��Ӱ�죬2010(3)��4-10.

��Դ�� ��⾭óʵ��